Book Category: Airport and Ground Operations

Normal Versus Crosswind Landings Normal approach and landing techniques are used for a “normal” situation; that is, when: Crosswind approach and landing techniques are used when wind conditions require drift correction to maintain runway alignment. Approach and Landing Phases Approach: The base leg, if applicable, and the final approach leg. Round Out (Flare): A slow, […]

What is a Soft-Field Takeoff? Soft-field takeoff procedures are used when operating from unimproved or soft surfaces such as grass, sand, mud, or snow. These surfaces increase rolling resistance and can reduce acceleration. Proper technique reduces drag, protects the landing gear, and allows the airplane to become airborne as soon as possible. How to Perform […]

What is a Short-Field Takeoff? Short-field takeoff procedures are used when operating from a runway of limited length or when obstacles restrict the available takeoff distance. These operations require precise control, proper configuration, and maximum performance from the airplane. How to Perform a Short-Field Takeoff Setup Takeoff Roll Liftoff Maximum Performance Climb Safety Considerations for […]

Normal Versus Crosswind Takeoffs A normal takeoff and climb procedure is performed when the airplane is headed directly into the wind, or the wind is calm, and the takeoff surface is firm and of sufficient length. The climb path is clear of obstructions, permitting the airplane to climb at the normal speed. A crosswind takeoff […]

What is a Traffic Pattern? Traffic patterns are established flight paths at an airport that ensure the orderly flow of traffic. They help separate aircraft, provide an orderly flow of air traffic, and keep aircraft away from obstructions and noise-sensitive areas. Traffic Pattern Elements References: AIM 4-3-2, AC 90-66, Pilot/Controller Glossary Entry Leg: The preferred […]

What is a Before-Takeoff Check? The before-takeoff check is the systematic procedure for checking the engine, flight controls, systems, flight instruments, and avionics before flight. It is typically performed after taxiing to a run-up area near the departure end of the runway. Engine Run-Up Caution: During the run-up, divide attention between the instruments and the […]

What is Taxiing? Taxiing is the controlled movement of the airplane under its own power while on the surface. Depending on the airport, the ramp and taxiways may or may not be controlled by ATC. Safe Taxi Speeds An appropriate taxi speed is one that: Pilots should slow down before turning. Sharp, high-speed turns place […]

How to Start the Engine Note: Procedures must be accomplished as detailed in the AFM/POH and the appropriate checklist. Related: Systems and Equipment Malfunctions: Engine Starter Does Not Disengage Hand Propping Procedures Warning: Hand propping should be attempted only by two properly trained people. Notes: Night Considerations for Engine Starting Reference: 14 CFR 91.209 Cold […]