Flight Experience Requirements
References: 14 CFR 61.56, 14 CFR 61.321, AC 61-91, AC 61-98, AC 61-146
Pilots cannot act as PIC unless they have completed a flight review within the preceding 24 calendar months in an aircraft for which they are rated. The instructor who gave the review must endorse each pilot's logbook.
Exemptions
Student Pilots: Student pilots do not need to complete a flight review, provided they continue training for a pilot certificate and have current solo flight endorsements.
WINGS–Pilot Proficiency Program: A pilot who has satisfactorily completed a phase of the WINGS program within the preceding 24 calendar months does not need to accomplish a flight review. A phase of WINGS consists of both knowledge and flight tasks.
Pilot Proficiency Checks and Practical Tests: A flight review is not required for pilots who have completed a pilot proficiency check or a practical test for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege within the preceding 24 calendar months.
Flight Instructors: A flight review is not required for flight instructors who have completed a practical test conducted by an examiner for one of the following within the preceding 24 calendar months:
- The issuance of a Flight Instructor Certificate.
- An additional rating on a Flight Instructor Certificate.
- The recent experience requirements for a Flight Instructor Certificate (14 CFR 61.197).
- The reinstatement of flight instructor privileges (14 CFR 61.199).
A flight instructor does not need to accomplish the one hour of ground training if that person has satisfactorily completed one of the following within the preceding 24 calendar months by means other than accomplishing a practical test:
- The recent experience requirements for a Flight Instructor Certificate (14 CFR 61.197).
- The reinstatement of flight instructor privileges by completing an approved flight instructor refresher course (FIRC) within the 3-month "grace period" (14 CFR 61.199).
Role of the Instructor
Reference: AC 61-98
The instructor has two roles during the flight review: trainer and evaluator. Evaluation is the primary purpose, but training may be provided in areas of weakness. The flight review can be completed once the deficiencies are corrected and the relevant tasks are performed satisfactorily.
If the additional training does not correct the deficiencies, and it becomes apparent to the instructor that additional flights will be necessary, the flight instructor should discuss the situation with the pilot and proceed accordingly.
Instructor Qualifications
References: 14 CFR 61.23, 14 CFR 61.56, 14 CFR 61.113, 14 CFR 61.193, 14 CFR 61.195, 14 CFR 61.215, AC 61-98, Newman (2015) Legal Interpretation
A flight instructor conducting the flight portion of a flight review must:
- Hold the applicable pilot ratings and the corresponding flight-instructor rating or logbook privilege for the aircraft used.
- Meet the applicable medical qualification requirements when acting as PIC or serving as a required flightcrew member.
The ground portion of a flight review can be performed by:
- An authorized flight instructor;
- An advanced ground instructor; or
- A basic ground instructor if the pilot holds a Sport, Recreational, or Private Pilot Certificate.
The Use of Two Instructors
The regulations do not prevent two instructors from performing a flight review. Two endorsements must be given: one by the instructor who conducted the ground training and a second by the instructor who conducted the flight training. The completion date of the flight review is considered the date on which the flight portion was conducted.
Minimum Training Time and Required Tasks
References: 14 CFR 61.56, AC 61-98
A flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight training and 1 hour of ground training and must include:
- A review of the current general operating and flight rules of 14 CFR Part 91.
- A review of those maneuvers and procedures that, at the discretion of the instructor giving the review, are necessary for the pilot to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot certificate.
The FAA does not limit an instructor's discretion in selecting other maneuvers and procedures. Ultimately, the instructor determines how much time and what type of instruction is required.
Combining Currency and Training Requirements
Experience obtained during a flight review counts towards the PIC flight experience requirements of 14 CFR 61.57 (e.g., takeoff and landing currency).
At the instructor's discretion, experience obtained during a flight review may count towards the additional training requirements of 14 CFR 61.31 (e.g., tailwheel endorsement). Separate training requirements and endorsements apply to both; neither "counts" as the other.
Combining the Flight Review with an Instrument Proficiency Check
There is nothing to prevent a flight review from being conducted along with an instrument proficiency check (IPC). Separate logbook endorsements are required. Flight instructors conducting a combined flight review and IPC must hold an Instrument Rating on their Flight Instructor Certificates and should develop a plan of action to ensure that all necessary tasks are completed.
Aircraft Requirements
References: 14 CFR 61.56, 14 CFR 61.316, 14 CFR 91.109, 14 CFR 91.313, 14 CFR 91.319, AC 61-98, AC 61-136, AC 61-146
Pilots must accomplish flight reviews in aircraft for which they are rated. If pilots hold multiple ratings, a review may be conducted in any aircraft for which they hold a rating. The flight-review requirement is then met for all aircraft covered by those certificates or ratings.
A pilot who holds only a Sport Pilot Certificate must take the flight review in an aircraft for which the pilot holds an operational privilege and that meets 14 CFR 61.316.
Operating Limitations
If necessary, the pilot and instructor should review the regulations concerning the operation of:
- Aircraft with Throwover Controls: 14 CFR 91.109
- Restricted Category Aircraft: 14 CFR 91.313
- Experimental Aircraft: 14 CFR 91.319
Aircraft Selection
The instructor may wish to recommend that the pilot complete the review in the aircraft most commonly flown, or in a more complex make and model when the pilot regularly flies several aircraft. The instructor may also wish to recommend that the pilot take a flight review in more than one category or class of aircraft under certain circumstances.
Use of Flight Simulation and Training Devices
A flight review can be accomplished in a full flight simulator (FFS) or a flight training device (FTD) if it is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center certified under 14 CFR Part 142.
An aviation training device (ATD) cannot be used for any portion of the flight review.
Specialty Flight Reviews
General aviation often emphasizes reviewing flying skills and systems knowledge that are not directly related to known accident causes. Instructors are encouraged to set up the flight review to meet regulatory requirements and more closely reflect real-world scenarios.
Scenario-Based Flight Reviews
Most accidents are caused by a chain of errors that build up throughout a flight. Traditional maneuver-based training artificially segments simulated events to prevent the realistic build-up of the error chain. By incorporating scenario-based training, events can more closely simulate flight conditions known to cause fatal accidents.
Focused Flight Reviews
The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) has a collection of ready-to-use "Focused Flight Review" guides on a variety of operational areas. The guides offer pilots a more individualized opportunity to sharpen their skills and knowledge through carefully designed flight scenarios.
Before the flight review begins, the pilot and instructor choose an operational area and review the materials independently. After the flight review, the instructor can give the pilot WINGS credits.
Link: https://www.aopa.org/training-and-safety/air-safety-institute/flight-review
Advanced WINGS Flight Review
The Advanced WINGS Flight Review activity strives to standardize the flight review by including three knowledge and three flight activities, in addition to the other elements required by 14 CFR part 61.56. The completion of an Advanced WINGS Flight Review provides the pilot with six activity credits (one complete phase).
Before the flight review begins, the pilot must complete three specific knowledge courses on the FAA Safety website. Flight activities are also predetermined. Instructors should be aware that a WINGS flight review requires all tasks to be demonstrated to ACS standards.
Link: https://www.faasafety.gov
Pre-Review Considerations
References: 14 CFR 61.195, AC 60-28, AC 61-98
Type of Equipment Flown: A pilot must accomplish a flight review in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated.
Nature of Flight Operations: The flight instructor should consider the pilot's typical flying when developing a plan of action.
Recent Flight Experience: The estimated completion time and training tasks should be based on the pilot's flight time, type of flying, and recent flight experience.
Learning Goals: Flight instructors can and should plan ground and flight activities that are tailored to the pilot's training goals.
Instructor Qualifications: Flight instructors must comply with the rating limitations in 14 CFR 61.195. If they are not current in or familiar with an aircraft, they should obtain recent flight experience or sufficient knowledge of its limitations, characteristics, and performance before conducting the review.
FAA Aviation English Language Standard (AELS): During a flight review, the instructor should ensure the pilot meets English language skill requirements using AC 60-28 if necessary. If the pilot does not demonstrate the FAA AELS, the instructor must notify the FSDO of jurisdiction and refer the pilot to that FSDO.
Agreement on the Conduct of the Flight Review
References: 14 CFR 1.1, 14 CFR 61.56, AC 61-98
Before the flight review begins, the instructor and pilot should discuss the following considerations.
Completion Standards
Ultimately, the instructor is responsible for determining the completion standards. As a general guideline, the pilot should meet the knowledge, risk management, and skill criteria specified in the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) for the pilot certificate they hold. The ACS also lists specific reasons for disqualification related to flight safety that should be applied to the flight review.
Estimated Training Time
Managing pilot expectations is key to ensuring that the instructor doesn't feel pressured to conduct a "minimum time" flight review.
The estimated completion time should be based on:
- The pilot's flight time, type of flying, and recent flight experience.
- Whether the pilot is seeking a new endorsement in conjunction with the flight review.
- Any additional (but not required) training sessions that will be conducted, such as a night flight.
A realistic guideline is to plan at least 90 minutes of ground time and 90 minutes of flight time to thoroughly evaluate the pilot's knowledge and skills.
"Rusty" Pilots
For pilots who haven't flown in several years, a helpful rule of thumb is to plan one hour of ground training and one hour of flight training for every year the pilot has been out of the cockpit. In some cases, the instructor may wish to recommend that the pilot accomplish a complete refresher program.
The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) offers online courses and in-person seminars to help rusty pilots become current again.
Link: https://www.aopa.org/training-and-safety/lapsed-pilots/rusty-pilots
PIC Designation
The pilot and instructor should assess their legal ability to act as PIC. If the pilot does not have a current flight review, the instructor must act as PIC and meet the applicable medical qualification requirements. A PIC must be designated before the flight begins.
Plan of Action
The instructor should use a written plan of action (checklist) to conduct the flight review efficiently and thoroughly.
The plan of action has several benefits:
- It can be used to guide the briefing and debriefing.
- It helps ensure that the requirements of a flight review are met.
- It serves as a record of the exact extent of the flight review.
At a minimum, the plan of action should include:
- The location where the flight review will be performed.
- The anticipated sequence of events.
- A list of ground subjects and flight maneuvers to be accomplished.
- A realistic scenario that incorporates as many flight maneuvers as possible.
Preflight Preparation
Reference: 14 CFR 91.103
Structuring the flight review as a short cross-country (30–50 NM away) is an excellent way to evaluate the pilot's flight planning and decision-making skills. The pilot should plan the flight in advance. This preparation should include all items required by 14 CFR 91.103. Encouraging pilots to use their typical planning methods gives instructors a more realistic picture of real-world behavior.
Ground Review
References: 14 CFR 61.56, AC 61-98
The instructor must determine that the pilot has adequate knowledge of the general operating and flight rules of 14 CFR Part 91. An effective review technique is to use the cross-country flight plan to discuss regulations in a context relevant and meaningful to the pilot.
Safety Enhancement Subjects
The following resources are available to help the instructor emphasize safety and make the flight review unique:
- https://medium.com/faa/ (FAA blog)
- https://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/fact_sheets/ (FAA Safety Enhancement Topics)
- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5vHkqHi51DQdF_PXKQT7uJUPd4UzlxNS (57 Seconds to Safer Flying Videos)
- https://www.gajsc.org/ (General Aviation Joint Steering Committee reports)
Flight Maneuvers and Procedures
References: 14 CFR 61.56, AC 61-98
The flight should improve and evaluate three areas of proficiency:
- Physical skills (stick-and-rudder)
- Mental skills (memorization and recall)
- Aeronautical decision-making (ADM) skills (higher-order thinking)
Cross-Country Flight Scenario
While en route to the planned destination, a diversion scenario (e.g., mechanical problem or unexpected weather) should be introduced to evaluate the pilot's systems knowledge (mental skills) and decision-making skills. Airwork (physical skills) can be completed on the return leg.
Post-Review Considerations
References: 14 CFR 61.51, 14 CFR 61.56, 14 CFR 61.189, AC 61-65, AC 61-98, FAA Form 8710-1, FAA Form 8710-11
Upon completion of the review, the flight instructor should provide the pilot with a comprehensive analysis of the pilot's performance, including suggestions for improving any weak areas. A collaborative assessment is the preferred debriefing method.
Unsatisfactory Performance
The instructor does not endorse the pilot's logbook to reflect an unsatisfactory flight review. Instead, the instructor should log the session in the pilot's logbook as flight and ground training received. The instructor should then recommend additional training in the areas of unsatisfactory performance.
Pilots may continue to exercise their certificate privileges provided that 24 calendar months have not elapsed since their last successful flight review or pilot proficiency check.
Satisfactory Performance
The instructor is required to:
- Endorse the pilot's logbook to certify that the pilot has satisfactorily accomplished the flight review.
- Log the session in the pilot's logbook as flight and ground training received.
Additionally, the instructor should:
- Digitally submit an FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, through IACRA. This will add the flight review to the pilot's FAA records.
- Provide the pilot with a copy of the plan of action (checklist) and, although not required, retain a copy in the instructor's records.
Establishment of Personal Minimums
One of the most important concepts to convey is that safe pilots understand the difference between what is "legal" regarding regulations and what is "smart" or "safe" in terms of pilot experience and proficiency. Assistance in establishing personal minimums is perhaps the single most important "takeaway" item the instructor can offer.
Establishment of a Personal Proficiency Plan
Instructors should help pilots design recurrent training programs tailored to their operating environments and goals. Ideally, recurrent training sessions with an instructor should be scheduled every 3 to 6 months. The pilot can earn credit for this experience in the WINGS–Pilot Proficiency Program.